An appraisal of the frequency and severity of noninfectious manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: A study of a national retrospective cohort of 1375 patients over 10 years.

BACKGROUND: Noninfectious manifestations-allergy, autoimmunity/inflammation, lymphoproliferation, and malignancies-are known to exist in many primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) and to participate in prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To obtain a global view on their occurrence, we retrieved data from a retrospective cohort of 1375 patients included in the French National Reference Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies (CEREDIH) for whom we had a 10-year follow-up since inclusion in the registry. METHODS: These patients were followed for 10 years (2009-2018) by specialized centers in university hospitals. This study showed that 20.1% of patients without prior curative therapy (n = 1163) developed at least 1 manifestation (event) encompassing 277 events. RESULTS: Autoimmune/inflammatory events (n = 138) and malignancies (n = 85) affected all age classes and virtually all PID diagnostic groups. They were associated with a risk of death that occurred in 195 patients (14.2%) and were found to be causal in 43% of cases. Malignancies (odds ratio, 5.62; 95% confidence interval, 3.66-8.62) and autoimmunity (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.84) were clearly identified as risk factors for lethality. Patients who underwent curative therapy (mostly allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a few cases of gene therapy or thymus transplantation) before the 10-year study period (n = 212) had comparatively reduced but still detectable clinical manifestations (n = 16) leading to death in 9.4% of them. CONCLUSION: This study points to the frequency and severity of noninfectious manifestations in various PID groups across all age groups. These results warrant further prospective analysis to better assess their consequences and to adapt therapy, notably indication of curative therapy.

A 1-Year Prospective French Nationwide Study of Emergency Hospital Admissions in Children and Adults with Primary Immunodeficiency.

PURPOSE: Patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) are at risk of serious complications. However, data on the incidence and causes of emergency hospital admissions are scarce. The primary objective of the present study was to describe emergency hospital admissions among patients with PID, with a view to identifying "at-risk" patient profiles. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational 12-month multicenter study in France via the CEREDIH network of regional PID reference centers from November 2010 to October 2011. All patients with PIDs requiring emergency hospital admission were included. RESULTS: A total of 200 admissions concerned 137 patients (73 adults and 64 children, 53% of whom had antibody deficiencies). Thirty admissions were reported for 16 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. When considering the 170 admissions of non-transplant patients, 149 (85%) were related to acute infections (respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal tract infections in 72 (36%) and 34 (17%) of cases, respectively). Seventy-seven percent of the admissions occurred during winter or spring (December to May). The in-hospital mortality rate was 8.8% (12 patients); death was related to a severe infection in 11 cases (8%) and Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoma in 1 case. Patients with a central venous catheter (n = 19, 13.9%) were significantly more hospitalized for an infection (94.7%) than for a non-infectious reason (5.3%) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the annual incidence of emergency hospital admission among patients with PID is 3.4%. The leading cause of emergency hospital admission was an acute infection, and having a central venous catheter was associated with a significantly greater risk of admission for an infectious episode.

Inflammatory manifestations in a single-center cohort of patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare phagocytic disorder that results in not only infections but also potentially severe inflammatory manifestations that can be difficult to diagnose and treat. OBJECTIVE: To describe inflammatory manifestations in a single-center cohort of patients with CGD. METHODS: Medical records of patients treated at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (Paris, France) between 1968 and 2009 and registered at the French National Reference Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies (CEREDIH) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: In a study population of 98 patients, a total of 221 inflammatory episodes were recorded in 68 individuals (69.4%). The incidence rate of inflammatory episodes was 0.15 per person-year (0.18 in patients with X-linked [XL] CGD and 0.08 in patients with autosomal-recessive [AR] CGD). The most commonly affected organs were the gastrointestinal tract (in 88.2% of the patients), lungs (26.4%), the urogenital tract (17.6%), and eyes (8.8%). Inflammation at other sites (the skin, central nervous system, and tympanum) and autoimmune manifestations (lupus, arthritis, etc) were recorded in 19.1% and 10.3% of the patients, respectively. Granuloma was found in 50% of the 44 histological analyses reviewed. The risk of inflammatory episodes was 2-fold higher in patients with XL-CGD than in patients with AR-CGD (relative risk, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.43-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with XL-CGD have a higher risk of developing inflammatory episodes than do patients with AR-CGD. Although the most commonly affected organ is the gastrointestinal tract, other sites can be involved, making the management of patients with CGD a complex, multidisciplinary task.